Management Issues of Implementing Welfare to Work Programs In Californi

Management Issues of Implementing Welfare to Work Programs In California In August of 1996, our chief executive of the United States, President Clinton, changed the structure of welfare dependency. He signed into law, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. This act, with its entire new legislature, has come to be known as welfare reform. Our state leaders, administrators and managers face many challenges and constraints in their attempt to implement a law, which will restructure the welfare dependency roles. This paper will take a detailed view of the specific challenges faced by state public sector leaders, in the attempt to implement these new laws which created a new welfare system for the United States. This paper will also highlight the various programs, created from the new legislature, and examine them from implementation through their operations. As the structure of welfare dependency begins to change, the primary challenge faced by state administrators is the ability to get its citizens, who have depended on federal funds to support their families, to depend on their own work generated incomes. For over 60 years, the government has been financially providing a subsidized income for its needy citizens. The government has begun to look for ways to assist its needy and able bodied, welfare dependent citizens, to become much more self-sufficient. The government was also looking at ways to decrease its national debt. Government studies revealed that too many Americans had become too dependent on the financial assistance of the government to support their lifestyles. Tax payers, as well as the republican parties were pushing for a change. They believed that the needy, those that were able sh... ...tive ways to implement dependency reduction programs to fit a large sum of people with a limited and amount of time and funds. Bibliography Barnow, Burt S. and Nightingale, Demetra S., Status of the Welfare-to-Work Grants Program After One Year Challenges, Resources and Flexibility: Using TANF Block Grant and State MOE Dollars http;www.urbaninstitute.org/welfare/wtw_labor.html http://www.dss.cahwnet.gov/calworks/caworks.html http;www.urbaninstitute.org/welfare/wtw_labor.html http://www.hudson.org/wpc/states/cal-tanf.htm http:///www.urban.org/welfare/grants_program/grans_prog.html http://www.dss.cahwnet.gov/calworks/caworks.html http://aspe.os.dhhs.gov/hsp/isp/xsleszn.htm Welfare Policy Center/ Hudson Institute http://www.hudson.org/wpc/states/cal-tanf.htm wysiwyg://119/http//www.ncsl.org/statefed/welfare/flexblty.htm

Great Lakes

The North American great lakes including Lake Erie, Michigan, Huron, Superior, and Ontario. Lake Huron is the 3rd largest lake out of all five of them. It measures at 850 cubic meters of water; it extends to about 3,827 miles, measures at 206 miles across, and about 183 miles north to south. The average water depth in this huge lake is 195 ft. These lakes are the largest fresh water supply and home to many of the world’s wildlife. For several years the Great Lakes have served as a dumping ground for many harmful pollutants. Damage from drain pipes and industrial waste produce harmful conditions for the fish, wildlife, and humans dwelling in the surrounding area of the region. Countless people wouldn’t believe so because this is a second home place to many, many families and they travel to this area for their summer vacations. As people travel to the Great Lakes, perhaps they can all see the true of how mistreated these stunning lakes are. The first major source of pollution comes from point source pollution. Point source pollution is simply a direct source of pollution such as a pipe or other vessels. Earlier age industrial companies, such as pulp and paper were located right on the outskirts of the Great Lakes. They were dumping tons of waste including mercury into the water. Some of this polluting was done involuntarily with the malfunctioning of these pipes or vessels. However, some of this pollution was intentional from them thinking that anything would dissolve in the waters and â€Å"neutralize†. Pathogens are another source of pollution to the Great Lakes. Pathogens refer to bacterial organisms found in the intestinal tracts of mammals. Nutrient sources include municipal wastewater treatment plants, septic systems, and agricultural runoffs. There are three major areas which are Saginaw Bay, Severn Sound, and the southeastern shore of Lake Huron Basin. Pathogens have had such an impact on Lake Huron that it had beach closings in these regions due to the findings of E. coli contaminations. Another form of pollution to the Great Lakes is fecal matters. It is believed that fecal matters infested the lakes by sewage. Sewage is known to having some of the most harmful bacteria’s. Putting these bacteria’s into the waters it’s not only polluting them but it’s also making the water quality decline and the bacteria growth will continue to increase (Shear 2006). Air-bound pesticides and fertilizer runoffs are both involuntary forms of pollutants to the Great Lakes. These types of pollutants are deposited into the lakes by the inadvertency of the environment. Testing the tissues of fish and mussels can determine the level of contaminate residing in the waters. Lindane, Dieldrin, Tozaphene, and Chlor-diphhenyl-tichloroethane (DDT) are some of the main harmful substances found in the water (Agency for toxic Substances and Disease registry 1997). Since 1990, Toxaphene has been prohibited yet traces of it still remain. Figure 1 These are all of the pollutants found in the Great Lakes that were reported to Congress. Figure 2 These are the four concentrations of pollutants compared to biomass. Figure 3 This shows the levels of Toxaphene concentration increases, the biomass decreases and vice versa. For humans, interactions with these types of pollutants are extremely likely. You can reach all of the pollutants by simply going to the shorelines. Eating contaminated fish, or wildlife, in pathogen-contaminated waters, can cause infections and stomach disorders. Polluted beaches result in loss of utility for those who have planned to visit or swim in the water; that in turn impacts local economies in the form of lost tourist dollars and the jobs they support (The National Resources Defense Council (NRDC) 2012). Tourists enjoy coming there to do activities such as canoeing, kayaking, and boating. Tourism ensures jobs for the many people that live close to the lakes. Many families rely on fishing to feed their families’. This is why caution must be used when eating the fish in Lake Huron. Lake Huron, along with the other Great Lakes, are very important to us. They are our main source of fresh water in the United States. The government is regulating chemicals and other harmful substances that could affect the Great Lakes. Getting laws passed like the Clean Water Act, recognizes the importance of preserving the Americans waters. Thankfully we have groups like NRDC whose main goal is to make sure that Lake Huron, and the other Great Lakes, stays safe for fishing, swimming, and boating. APA Citation Page Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). (2012). The impact of beach pollution. Retrieved from http://www.nrdc.org/water/oceans/ttw/health-economic.asp Shear, H. (2006). The Great Lakes, an Ecosystem Rehabilitated, but Still Under Threat. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment113: 199 -225 United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). The effects of Great Lakes contaminants on human health. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/health/report.htm U.S. Environmental Protections Agency. Clean Water Act, July 2006. http://www.epa.gov/r5water/cwa.htm Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ToxFAQs for Toxaphene. Sept. 1997. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts94.html

Food Consumption Research Paper

List of foods Fruits Apples Oranges Bananas Pineapple Watermelons Vegetables Carrots Lettuce Cabbage Lentils Potatoes Meats Beef Bacon Pork Chicken Dairy products Ordinary fresh milk Cream Cheese Butter Cereals Wheat Barley Rice Beans Peas Top ten foods eaten 1000 grams of beef every week 800 grams of French fries every week 400 grams of buttered whole flour bread per week Seven glasses of fresh milk per week 600 grams of breakfast cereal per week Five bananas per week Three oranges per week 800 grams of Chicken per week 1000 grams of rice per week 250 grams of butter per week Three major foods and their sources Beef Beef is produced in most of the states in America. Since the animal production requires a relatively warm weather, most of the beef production is concentrated in the northern part of the continent and especially in Canada where its large scale beef farming is done. Wheat Just like beef, wheat is produced in most parts of America. The northern part of the continent however, is a major producer of this commodity. Major production of wheat is done in California and the Great Plains. Bananas Bananas are not widely grown in the United States. Almost all the bananas consumed in the United States are imported from the Latin American states of Costa Rica, Colombia and Ecuador. This is because the topographical and climatic set up of these regions is quite suitable for the production of this crop. Environmental impacts Beef Production of beef requires a large piece of grazing land. This means that a lot of land will be put under ranches for the purpose of rearing the beef cattle. This leads to land degradation. The destruction of arable land for the production of beef also leads to loss of biodiversity. Livestock sector is regarded one of the most significant contributors to serious environmental problems. In a report published by the Livestock, Environment and development initiative (2006), livestock sector was ranked the second largest contributor to environmental degradation. Animals feed on grains and fodder and require a lot of water both for their rearing and slaughter. Slaughtering animals requires gallons of water for each animal and this is not environmentally viable in areas where water is a scarce commodity. Wheat and bananas These crops require a large intake of fertilizers and other chemicals in the form of pesticides and herbicides. The production of theses fertilizers requires natural gas and petroleum. These items are not renewable and thus a greater uptake of the two may lead to the reduction of their deposits. The manufacturing plants of the fertilizers lead to emission of green house gases to the environment which is hazardous for climate change. Fertilizers applied to the wheat crops and a banana plant is not exhaustively used. The remainder is pollutes the soil while the rest evaporates to the air and usually results to acid rain in many parts of the world. Run off of fertilizers remnants into the marine areas leads to alterations of the aquatic ecosystem by promoting the growth of some species of plants and bacteria that may be harmful to aquatic and marine life. Foot print results Based on the foot print calculator, this lifestyle would require 5.2 planet earths for its sustainance.it will also require approximately 23.3 global acres of the earths productive land. On exploring scenarios, the following results were found. Eating fewer animal products would reduce the human foot print by 0.4 from 5.2 planet earths to 4.8 planet earths. By purchasing products that are less packaged and that are made from recycled materials, the human foot print would reduce by the same 0.4 planet earths to bring it to a total of 4.9 planet earths. The reduced use of planes for holidays and taking of local holidays would reduce the human foot print by a mere 0.1 planet earths to bring the total required number of planet earths to 5.2 planet earths. Of scenarios explored, eating fewer animal products would reduce the foot print with the biggest margin of 0.4 planet earths. Americans really love animal products. This is witnessed by the obesity and weight problems reported in almost every household. A campaign on the importance of reducing the consumption of animal products would not only reduce the foot print but also help Americans combat the health problems associated with animal products. Reduced use of packaged products is also a feasible possibility. Americans should adapt the use of fresh products and reduce the quantity of processed and packaged products that they consume. This is not a very easy case though. It will require the use of advanced practices to increase food productivity in the farms (Harvey 1997) In the case of the use of air transport, it may not be very easy to convince the average American to avoid the usual holiday abroad. The expected reduction in foot print is however quite minimal. Conclusion Food consumption as noted has far reaching impacts on the environment in general. Even with these conservative amounts of foods consumed by this household, we still need much more planet earths to support this rather reserved lifestyle. The impacts that result from these lifestyles is that pollution is increased, more land is more land is required to support these lifestyles and there is also increased competition for resources in the world (David. 1997). Since the size of planet earth is fixed, the demand for these commodities and the reduced supply as a result of the restricted earth’s production capacity has led to the increase in prices of these commodities and also the unavailability of some of these commodities in some parts of the world. A lot of land has also been put into agricultural or farm use with the intention of meeting the increased demand for both agricultural and animal products. The demand for the land has led to the destruction of natural forests and conservations leading to loss of biodiversity and threat to wild life. People should check their habits and adopt more environmentally friendly consumption habits to save planet earth. References Davidson, Donald A. (ed.) (1986) Land evaluation. Van Nostrand Reinhold/AVI. A collection of original influential papers on land evaluation Beatty, Marvin T., Petersen, Gary W., Swindale, Leslie D. (eds.) (1979) Planning the uses and management of land, Agronomy Monograph 21, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA Evinstein, Harvey.(2003) Paradox of Plenty: a Social History of Eating in Modern America. Berkeley: University of California Organ, David. (1997)Selling em by the Sack: White Castle and the Creation of American Food. New York: New York University Press Moser, A. M. (1945) The food supply of rural families in the six mile area of Pickens County, South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 360. Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson, SC. [based on recall data for 136 white households situated in the Blue Ridge Mountains]. Kilic, S., Evrendilek, F., Senol, S. and Celik, I. (2005) Developing a suitability index for land uses and agricultural land covers: A case study in Turkey Environmental Monitoring and Asssessment, 102(1-3): 323-335 Growth Hormones in Food. (2010, June 14). Retrieved September Nov 6, 2010, from http://www.copperwiki.org/index.php/Growth_Hormones_in_Food#How_does_this_affect_me.3 Schlosser, Eric, (2001) Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal, Houghton Mifflin Company Warner, Melanie Salads or No, Cheap Burgers Revive McDonald’s.(2008) The New York Times 19 April 2006. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost. University of Nevada, Reno Libraries http://graphicssoft.about.com/cs/general/ht/winscreenshot.htm Woods, C. D. (1891) A study of dietaries. In: Connecticut Storrs Station Report for 1891.pp. 90-106. Government Printing Office, Washington